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Summary |Introduction |Guiding Philosophy
I am no expert in Latin, indeed my training is limited to a couple ofyears in high school more than 50 years ago. But I always felt that Latin, aspresented after two millennia, was a scientific language. It had theinteresting property of inflection, words were constructed in a logicalmanner. I admired this feature, but could never remember the vocabularywell enough when it came time to exercise it on tests.
I decided to automate an elementary-level Latin vocabulary list. As afirst stage, I produced a computer program that will analyze a Latin wordand give the various possible interpretations (case, person, gender,tense, mood, etc.), within the limitations of its dictionary. This mightbe the first step to a full parsing system, but, although just adevelopment tool, it is useful by itself.
Please remember that this is only a computer exercise in automating aLatin dictionary. I am not a Latin scholar and anything in the program ordocumentation is filtered by me from reading the cited Latin dictionaries. Pleaselet no one go to his teacher and cite my interpretation as an authority.
While developing this initial implementation, based on different sources,I learned (or re-learned) something that I had overlooked at thebeginning. Latin courses, and even very large Latin dictionaries, are puttogether under very strict ground rules. Some dictionary might be basedexclusively on ‘Classical’ (200 BC - 200 AD) texts; it might have everyword that appears in every surviving writing of Cicero, but nothing muchbefore or since. Such a dictionary will be inadequate for translatingmedieval theological or scientific texts. In another example, onetextbook might use Caesar as their main source of readings (my high schooltexts did), while another might avoid Caesar and all military writings(either for pacifist reasons, or just because the author had taught Caesarfor 30 years and had grown bored with going over the same material, yearafter year). One can imagine that the selection of words in suchdifferent texts would differ considerably; moreover, even with the samewords, the meanings attached would be different. This presents a problemin the development of a dictionary for general use.
One could produce a separate dictionary for each era and application or auniversal dictionary with tags to indicate the appropriate application andmeaning for each word. With such a tag arrangement one would not beoffered inappropriate or improbable interpretations. The present systemhas such a mechanism, but it is not fully exploited.
The Version 1.97E dictionary may be found to be of fairly general use forthe student; it has all the easy words that every text uses. It also has theadverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions, which are not assensitive to application as are the nouns and verbs. The system alsotests a few hundred prefixes and suffixes, if the raw word cannot befound. Beyond that, there are a large number of TRICKS which may be applied.These may be thought of as correcting for variations in spelling.This allows an interpretation of many words which would otherwisebe marked unknown. The result of this analysis is fairly straightforwardin most cases, accurate but esoteric in some others. Some constructionsare recognized Latin words, and some are perfectly reasonable words whichmay never have been used by Cicero or Caesar but might have been used byAugustine or a monk of Jarrow. For about 1 in 10 constructed words theresult has no relation to the normal dictionary meaning.
BE WARNED! The program will go to great lengths if all tricks areinvoked. If you get a word formed with an enclitic, prefix, suffix, andsyncope, be very suspicious! It my well be right, but look carefully.(Try siquempiamque!)
The final try is to look at the input as two words run together. Inmost cases this works out, and is especially useful for late Latin numberusage. However, this algorithm may go very wrong. If it is not obviouslyright, it is probably incorrect.
With this facility, and a 39000 word dictionary, trials on some testedclassical texts and the Vulgate Bible give hit rates of far better than99%, excluding proper names (there are very few proper names in thisdictionary). (I am an old soldier so the dictionary may haveevery possible word for attack or destroy. The system is near perfect forCaesar.) The question arises, what hit rate can be expected for a generaldictionary. Classical Latin dictionaries have no references to theterminology of Christian theology. The legal documents and deeds of theMiddle Ages are a challenge of jargon and abbreviations. These areasrequire special knowledge and vocabulary, but even there the ability tohandle the non-specialized words is a large part of the effort.
The development system allows the inclusion of specialized vocabulary (forinstance a SPEcial dictionary for specialized words not wanted in mostdictionaries), and the opportunity for the user to add additional words toa DICT.LOC.
It was initially expected that there would be special dictionaries forspecial applications. That is why there is the possibility of a SPECIALdictionary. Now the general dictionary is coded by AGE and applicationAREA. Thus special words used initially/only by St Thomas Aquinas wouldbe Medieval (AGE code F) and Ecclesiastical (AREA code E). Eventuallythere needs to be a filter that allows one, upon setting parameters forMedieval and Ecclesiastical, to push those words over others. Right nowthere are not have enough non-classical vocabulary to rely on such ascheme. The problem is that one needs a very complete classicaldictionary before one can assure that new entries are uniquely Medieval,that they are not just classical words that appear in a Medieval text.And the updated is only into the D’s. So the situation is that themechanism is there, but not sufficient data. Nevertheless that is exactlythe application I had in mind when I set out to do the program.
Whitaker's Words Greek
One can set a parameter to exclude medieval words if there is a classicalword answering the same parse. Likewise, the program can ignore raremeanings if there is a common meaning for the parse.
The program may be larger than is necessary for the presentapplication. It is still in development but some effort has now been putinto optimization. Nevertheless there is lots of room for speeding it up.Specifically, the program is disk-oriented is order to run on small machines,such as DOS with the 640KB limitation. Rejecting this limitation and assumingthat the user has tens of megabytes of memory (clearly realistic today)would allow faster processing. The next version may go that way.
This is a free program, which means it is proper to copy it and pass it onto your friends. Consider it a developmental item for which there is nocharge. However, just for form, it is Copyrighted (c).Permission is hereby freely given for any and all use of program and data.You can sell it as your own, but at least tell me.
This version is distributed without obligation, but the developer wouldappreciate comments and suggestions.
William A Whitaker
(1936-2010)
Verified safe to install
download apk 6.0 MB- Publisher:Ian Douglas Scott
- View in Store:Google Play
| Google Play statistics for Whitaker's Words | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developer | Size | Tags | Daily ratings | Total ratings | Release Date | Updated | Total installs | Score | Version | Content rating | ||
| Ian Douglas Scott | 6.0 MB | 0 | 133 | 2015-09-08 | 2018-08-07 | 10,000+ | 4.9 | 2.0.0 | Everyone | |||
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Whitaker's Words Online
Words has an extensive dictionary of the Latin language as well as the capability to recognize various morphological forms and determine what the root word is as well as the what form it is in. Unlike other apps based on Whitaker's words, this is a port of the original code rather than simply using the dictionary, and therefore essentially feature complete compared to the desktop program.
This app is ad-free, open source, and requires no permissions.
Source code: https://github.com/ids1024/whitakers-words-android
Bug tracker: https://github.com/ids1024/whitakers-words-android/issues
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William Whitaker's Words App
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